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throughout America's involvement in

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space exploration the importance of the

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human element has become clear the human

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beings ability to reconfigure repair and

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in general to react to unforeseen

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experiment conditions is still

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unsurpassed by any existing automatic

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system with each spaceflight NASA

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astronauts have gathered a wealth of

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information and operational experience

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in a wide variety of scientific areas

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astronauts must understand both the

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science and the capabilities and

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limitations of the spacecraft as a

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result science and operations have

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become intimately linked and should not

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today America's space shuttle provides

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continued access to near-earth space for

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science this vehicle is an excellent

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platform for research and

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experimentation in a multitude of

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disciplines scientists and engineers on

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the shuttle crew must actively

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participate in scientific planning and

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implementation not as mere operators but

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as frontline investigators who possess

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an optimum balance of scientific and

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operational knowledge six of these crew

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members are part of the astronaut

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offices newly created science support

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group their objective is to aid future

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scientists and payload designers in

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perfecting their flight hard work in

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order to profit more bullying from the

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human capabilities of the shuttle crew

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space shuttle is a unique laboratory and

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platform for example it allows us to

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study the effects of gravity on through

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behavior in place simply not possible

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from ground-based facilities it is much

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like a great experimental laboratories

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of the world hello my name is Bonnie

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Dunbar I'm a material scientist an

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engineer with a background in biomedical

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and canary

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in October of 1985 I who as a mission

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specialist on a space shuttle mission

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dedicated to material science and life

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time just as we hope the profits from

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the lessons learned and ground-based

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agility showing us profits from the

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insights and lessons learned of

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spaceflight missions the space shuttle

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contains three physical areas for

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scientific experiments and technology

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development the flight deck is the

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commanding spokesman of the orbiter from

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this position panels and displays

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control payloads in the payload a

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experiments on the mid-deck and in the

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spacelab are not controlling this

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position mid deck which was originally

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designed at the living area for the crew

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has been utilized for Locker size

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experiments these require limited power

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from the orbiters the integration time

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maybe less for these experiments that

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they also must provide their own cooling

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sentence and data processing usual no

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down lease data is available so two

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members work closely to the

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experimenters from monitors hardware and

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the Space Lab is can only facility

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designed specifically to pressurize

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experimentation while a shuttle flight

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may carry only a few experiments

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Spacelab slides can carry up to as many

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as 100 they stop flights are dedicated

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primary payload if they fly up to 10

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days to keep working and shift

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from the moment that the lab was

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activated on SPF 50 1a it was clear

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investigators representing the more than

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100 experiments on board were anxiously

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awaiting the video down even if their

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experiments are completely automated in

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fact he be allowed the ground observe

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the activity for the speed so the

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communication between to be made to

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enhance the efficiency of activity not

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conceded the onboard procedures with

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very few in the three years training

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period extension however there were

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occasions where the ground scientists

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altered rivers new procedures based on

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preliminary results we observed by way

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the use of liquid fluid procurement

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whether they be low or high temperatures

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has not only builded value than the

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inside and too acidic but has presented

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design problems well many experiments

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and hardware have suffered from

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surprises 2g spectrum mrs. Weddington a

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guerilla marketing environment

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experimenters and liquids should be

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evaluated in ground-based facilities

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such as the kc-135 hero jean-eric aft

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car shuttle flights in addition it

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spills or inadvertent wedding occur in

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cleaning methods and internal access to

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the design developed prior to flight low

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viscosity liquids are more susceptible

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to mechanical disturbances so

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restrictions to both true and orbiter

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motion should be articulated early in

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the flight planning process recent

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flight experience is also demonstrated

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that is more efficient cost-effective

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automate only when a process is secure

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for example on this slide the true

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routine rates change material samples in

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high-temperature furniture rather than

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rely and mechanized sample of changes

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this allowed alterations in the sample

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sequence and timelines change who

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sympathizes in flight leader

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additionally more samples process

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information to them present automated

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face lab has also allowed to use a glove

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boxes for handling contaminants such as

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transferring fixative and working with

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blood samples however as shown here

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conversation with the crews to be

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limited and two-handed operations are

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required true and must not interrupt

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operation in order to install in-flight

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maintenance has been an important part

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of science operations over forty percent

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of experiment hardware has failed in

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first flight most has been recovered

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who's who in events hardware should be

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I'm ra7 I'm a physician who first clue

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aboard the space shuttle discovery in

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April 1985 I have a particular interest

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in space life sciences any life sciences

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experiments require humans in space as

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operator subject observer scientists and

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repair man but it must be remembered

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that humans are not machines in this

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vestibular experiment changes in the

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perception of motion zero-gravity are

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being studied however the spinning chair

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may cause disorientation vertigo and

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motion sickness that may impact the next

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experiment the time-lock experiments

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must be integrated so they don't

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interfere with one another both Kapoor

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comfort and clean science return counter

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measures to maintain muscle and bone

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strength in space must be devised

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however exercise to the point of extreme

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fatigue may be great performance after

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its completion the proper rest periods

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are not allowed this is especially food

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in this vestibular experiment a crewman

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has taken the place of a machine to make

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motion inputs this may permit an

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experiment to be flown that would

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otherwise be too complex for costly to

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automate in addition it is much easier

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to ask a human for modify a protocol

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than to reprogram a machine that is

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orbiting the earth when a human is a

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subject as in this test of leg reflexes

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he or she may need to be heavily

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instrument who inputs early can help to

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integrate this equipment with other

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orbiter crew worn hardware flying

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animals in space promises to provide us

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with a great deal of information

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unobtainable and humans but

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accommodating animals is a new

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technology who people can be very

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helpful in this type of hardware

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development and pre-flight evaluation in

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flight observation and with on-the-spot

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repair if the crew is expected to be

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caretakers for other living species

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their input into equipment design and

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plants are also intriguing for study in

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space to understand gravity receptor

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function but many of the plant or animal

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samples require fixation during the

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flight for later study on the ground

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however fixative the plant and animal

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tissues can also fix humans in this

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scene fixative is being transferred

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between two containers there are rules

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that chemicals such as formaldehyde must

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be triple contained so that if there are

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breaks in one or two of the containers

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the crew will not be exposed to the

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chemical this is especially important

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than zero g since materials tend to

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float around the cabin and may get into

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eyes will be inhaled or swallowed when

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humans are used as subjects sometimes

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sterilization of equipment is needed you

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can see the many small pieces that must

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be located in unwrapped and connected to

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do this blood place since sampling

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through blood is such an important

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aspect of many life sciences experiments

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this hardware has evolved over time into

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a well-organized system however war

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could still be done to assemble

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component of free flight speed

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procedures and eliminate some of the

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sterile overlaps which generate a great

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it is possible to modify off-the-shelf

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medical diagnostic equipment such as

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this echocardiographic see so that it

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can fly in a locker on the river in this

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case crew input on hardware design and

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operations was solicited early in the

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design and contributed to a very

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successful flight which brought back

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some of the first pictures of the

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functioning human parking space so

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humans are vital not only as subjects

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but as scientists who can assist in

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experiment design and make direct

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hello I'm Jeff Hoffman my background is

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in astrophysics I'm going to talk to you

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about the great variety of experiments

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that we can do in the trouble or be and

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show you some of the equipment that you

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need to carry out though he found it is

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often possible to use run building

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equipment in case experiments

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introducing additional flexibility or

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allowing for late planning but it is

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important to make sure plan in advance

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where these wouldn't you be used and how

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it will be secure here is an example of

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an inexpensive but effective way one

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experiment disappear face white would be

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impossible without Bell cone Grape Ape

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this configuration is planned in the

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first several time prior to flight and

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the shuttle simulator in Houston PD is

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one of the most common methods of

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collecting visual data on experiments

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both the post-flight analysis and for

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real-time down Linkin to drown base

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Thurman lighting is critical to obtain

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good results photographic and TV

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requirement to be playing barring

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advantage of the flight and should be

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rehearsed by the two working together

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with the experiment gun from space

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center person health and provide a lot

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of support for its members we've not

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familiar with NASA's photographic system

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notice the things we take for granted

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and lurk like table blind lead me out of

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the way on the ground did not occur in

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weightlessness tables have a memory of

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their own and often get in the way of

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operations it is necessary to plan

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potato with strings and designing

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experiments notice also that would seem

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to be a fairly small experiment has by

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the time that is all set up the cameras

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and lighting taking over the entire

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subtle mid deck that has occupied the

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time of crew members never assume that

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an experiment is so simple that it

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carried out with no impact flight

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material science experiments are often

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sensitive to orbiter acceleration such

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as that caused by shuttle and inspiring

283
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objects inside the shuttle completing

284
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experimental apparatus must be secured

285
00:13:44,650 --> 00:13:42,830
before engine under the effects of

286
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engine firings on any experiments

287
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involving liquid are quite impressive

288
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similarly in the experiments requiring

289
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jetfire have an effect on crew members

290
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we may be trying to sleep clearly

291
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experimental operations can not be found

292
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without checking for compatibility the

293
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total mission carmel the shuttle at the

294
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capability of carrying out sophisticated

295
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observations of the sun and astronomical

296
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objects this infinite pointing system

297
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smoothes out the shuttled residual

298
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motion to provide arc second pointing

299
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stability even without the IPS fine

300
00:14:23,860 --> 00:14:21,590
astronomical photographs of course ha

301
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such high magnification have been

302
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obtained using time exposures with

303
00:14:32,950 --> 00:14:31,040
cameras hard-mounted to settle certain

304
00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:32,960
photographic equipment needs to be

305
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shielded from stray light several crew

306
00:14:40,090 --> 00:14:37,610
members have worked with NASA engineers

307
00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:40,100
to develop this camera hood it is a

308
00:14:44,640 --> 00:14:42,320
multi-purpose device and can be used for

309
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many light field and applications

310
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experimenters with special requirements

311
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to talk with two representatives to see

312
00:14:58,570 --> 00:14:55,900
the crew spends a lot of home taking out

313
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the window photographs often these are

314
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used for scientific purposes

315
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oceanography geology and urology and

316
00:15:09,780 --> 00:15:06,740
ecology the proof can sometimes take

317
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pictures on request of certain areas

318
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scientists with potential earth

319
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photographic requirements that contact

320
00:15:18,430 --> 00:15:16,220
through representatives who can assist

321
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him in obtaining archival photos or

322
00:15:25,300 --> 00:15:20,180
perhaps in scheduling nude photography

323
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were appropriate this shot of a team

324
00:15:28,930 --> 00:15:26,930
member changing the role of movie film

325
00:15:30,910 --> 00:15:28,940
is a good reminder that although it may

326
00:15:33,910 --> 00:15:30,920
eventually be possible to automate many

327
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tasks in space laboratories this time it

328
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is often most efficient and

329
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cost-effective you people this applies

330
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to many areas of space investigations

331
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too many times experiments have been

332
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artificially limited in scope or invaded

333
00:15:48,550 --> 00:15:46,640
collection capability because

334
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experimenters did not realize the

335
00:15:53,470 --> 00:15:50,450
flexibility they could obtain by using

336
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human operators obviously crew time must

337
00:15:57,070 --> 00:15:55,250
be used efficiently and it is not

338
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normally make sense to ask a person

339
00:16:00,940 --> 00:15:58,820
could be repetitive tasks that a

340
00:16:03,610 --> 00:16:00,950
computer could do however when we

341
00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:03,620
participation is called for astronauts

342
00:16:07,780 --> 00:16:05,240
normally spend a lot of time with

343
00:16:11,319 --> 00:16:07,790
experiment is planning how best to carry

344
00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:13,509
here is an example of how astronauts

345
00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:16,819
participation in the potential failure

346
00:16:21,999 --> 00:16:19,970
is success this paper transport

347
00:16:23,889 --> 00:16:22,009
experiment is computer controlled and

348
00:16:25,929 --> 00:16:23,899
was designed to operate autonomously

349
00:16:28,389 --> 00:16:25,939
which is entirely appropriate under

350
00:16:30,669 --> 00:16:28,399
normal circumstances if you member

351
00:16:32,259 --> 00:16:30,679
assigned to carry out the expend spent a

352
00:16:34,449 --> 00:16:32,269
lot of time with the experiment who's

353
00:16:35,769 --> 00:16:34,459
during the last year before flight and

354
00:16:38,829 --> 00:16:35,779
together they developed a way of

355
00:16:40,869 --> 00:16:38,839
monitoring and possibly modifying this

356
00:16:44,109 --> 00:16:40,879
operation using the small controller

357
00:16:46,269 --> 00:16:44,119
visible here as often happens in space

358
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where there's no convective cooling the

359
00:16:49,689 --> 00:16:48,049
thermal environment was different from

360
00:16:51,819 --> 00:16:49,699
what had been calculated three flights

361
00:16:54,129 --> 00:16:51,829
and the automatic sequence would not

362
00:16:56,259 --> 00:16:54,139
work the crew member working together

363
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:56,269
with scientists from the ground using

364
00:17:00,340 --> 00:16:58,639
the controller is able to diagnose the

365
00:17:02,289 --> 00:17:00,350
problem and manually operate the

366
00:17:04,360 --> 00:17:02,299
apparatus this made the difference

367
00:17:09,819 --> 00:17:04,370
between a failed experiment will be no

368
00:17:11,710 --> 00:17:09,829
data success the crew members are going

369
00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:11,720
to operate equipment it is important to

370
00:17:16,210 --> 00:17:13,010
consider the effects of weightlessness

371
00:17:17,980 --> 00:17:16,220
and communion operations notice that the

372
00:17:19,990 --> 00:17:17,990
crew member is able to hold onto this

373
00:17:23,049 --> 00:17:20,000
apparatus by squeezing with legs around

374
00:17:25,389 --> 00:17:23,059
the sides this is perfectly acceptable

375
00:17:27,220 --> 00:17:25,399
in his circumstance and illustrates the

376
00:17:29,310 --> 00:17:27,230
novel ways people operate in space

377
00:17:32,350 --> 00:17:29,320
compared to when the earth however

378
00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:32,360
required operations took a long time his

379
00:17:39,090 --> 00:17:34,850
legs would become fatigued a better body

380
00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:41,230
interaction between scientists from the

381
00:17:46,539 --> 00:17:43,760
ground crew members in orbit be crucial

382
00:17:48,669 --> 00:17:46,549
for the success of many experiments here

383
00:17:50,740 --> 00:17:48,679
the onboard key member is examining the

384
00:17:53,769 --> 00:17:50,750
crystal grown during the Spacelab flight

385
00:17:55,690 --> 00:17:53,779
he sets up a shuttle TV camera to send

386
00:17:58,269 --> 00:17:55,700
pictures down to scientists on the

387
00:18:00,460 --> 00:17:58,279
ground the picture is available both on

388
00:18:02,470 --> 00:18:00,470
the ground and in the shuttle so the few

389
00:18:04,750 --> 00:18:02,480
members can discuss experimental results

390
00:18:06,580 --> 00:18:04,760
in proceedings scientists on the ground

391
00:18:10,389 --> 00:18:06,590
will both are looking at the singing

392
00:18:12,070 --> 00:18:10,399
beta here the ground-based scientists

393
00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:12,080
see the results of the crystal growing

394
00:18:16,269 --> 00:18:13,850
experiment almost as soon as the

395
00:18:18,610 --> 00:18:16,279
astronaut food they have far more time

396
00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:18,620
available between 140 and have no

397
00:18:22,509 --> 00:18:20,570
responsibilities for other experiments

398
00:18:24,009 --> 00:18:22,519
therefore for the two members are

399
00:18:26,019 --> 00:18:24,019
operating other experiments the

400
00:18:28,149 --> 00:18:26,029
scientists in the ground can proceed

401
00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:28,159
with detailed real-time analysis of

402
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:30,710
their data this may be you can modify

403
00:18:34,539 --> 00:18:32,510
the protocol of subsequent flight

404
00:18:40,060 --> 00:18:34,549
experiment carried out later in the

405
00:18:42,820 --> 00:18:40,070
mission I'm Mary clue an environmental

406
00:18:45,909 --> 00:18:42,830
engineer and the RMS operator on 61 be

407
00:18:47,710 --> 00:18:45,919
the RMS remote manipulator system is a

408
00:18:51,730 --> 00:18:47,720
Tele robotic arm and the payload bay of

409
00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:51,740
the shuttle it is a valuable tool which

410
00:18:58,299 --> 00:18:53,450
has been used for many pre-planned and

411
00:19:00,519 --> 00:18:58,309
real time operations understanding

412
00:19:02,769 --> 00:19:00,529
unique operating capabilities and

413
00:19:04,629 --> 00:19:02,779
limitations of this system before

414
00:19:09,490 --> 00:19:04,639
designing hardware that will interface

415
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:09,500
with it cannot be stressed enough here

416
00:19:15,549 --> 00:19:11,510
we see a sink I'm satellite it didn't

417
00:19:17,379 --> 00:19:15,559
activate properly after deployment in an

418
00:19:19,570 --> 00:19:17,389
attempt to correct this problem the crew

419
00:19:21,940 --> 00:19:19,580
working with grand engineers is able to

420
00:19:24,159 --> 00:19:21,950
improvise using existing on board

421
00:19:26,490 --> 00:19:24,169
materials a special tool that could be

422
00:19:28,840 --> 00:19:26,500
attached to the RMS during a spacewalk

423
00:19:30,789 --> 00:19:28,850
this tool was used to catch the

424
00:19:35,139 --> 00:19:30,799
activation switch to ensure it had been

425
00:19:37,660 --> 00:19:35,149
hung we copy we estimate we got a hard

426
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:37,670
physical contact or the bleep to attend

427
00:19:43,210 --> 00:19:40,010
and we concur with that that was a great

428
00:19:46,450 --> 00:19:43,220
job the RMS was designed to deploy our

429
00:19:48,370 --> 00:19:46,460
three foreign objects this free flying

430
00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:48,380
payload courier is supporting a mass

431
00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:50,090
spectrometer on to other optical

432
00:19:55,420 --> 00:19:52,850
scanners grapple fixtures should be

433
00:19:57,780 --> 00:19:55,430
placed on free flying experiments in

434
00:20:01,390 --> 00:19:57,790
case they may require on-orbit approval

435
00:20:04,210 --> 00:20:01,400
servicing and or repair and you can see

436
00:20:06,730 --> 00:20:04,220
if very smooth operation coming in at

437
00:20:10,590 --> 00:20:06,740
the RMS very easily control oh and that

438
00:20:13,660 --> 00:20:10,600
bothered self is very stable platform

439
00:20:15,940 --> 00:20:13,670
the RMS was also used as a mobile work

440
00:20:18,970 --> 00:20:15,950
cut from corfu man working outside of

441
00:20:21,820 --> 00:20:18,980
the shuttle you can see the crew man

442
00:20:24,130 --> 00:20:21,830
inside the cabin operating the RMS to

443
00:20:27,460 --> 00:20:24,140
position a space-suited crewman running

444
00:20:29,890 --> 00:20:27,470
a cable along a trust although the arm

445
00:20:31,930 --> 00:20:29,900
was not designed for this purpose this

446
00:20:34,150 --> 00:20:31,940
mode of operation because we're now

447
00:20:36,610 --> 00:20:34,160
positive and really increase the

448
00:20:42,790 --> 00:20:36,620
flexibility of operations in the payload

449
00:20:45,190 --> 00:20:42,800
bay and above it ready to go up here

450
00:20:46,990 --> 00:20:45,200
with the aid of Kelly robotics through

451
00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:47,000
rendezvous with a non-functional

452
00:20:52,540 --> 00:20:48,770
satellite prepared it and then

453
00:20:54,490 --> 00:20:52,550
redeployed it for this test we use the

454
00:20:56,650 --> 00:20:54,500
arm to position a crewman to manually

455
00:20:58,930 --> 00:20:56,660
spin up and deploy the satellite after

456
00:21:01,150 --> 00:20:58,940
the crew had repaired it although a

457
00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:01,160
contingency operation this deployment

458
00:21:10,270 --> 00:21:07,390
the RMS can also be used positioned

459
00:21:11,980 --> 00:21:10,280
larger structures here a large trust is

460
00:21:14,860 --> 00:21:11,990
being manipulated to define how

461
00:21:17,020 --> 00:21:14,870
manageable a task like this is this

462
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:17,030
experiment also highlights the benefits

463
00:21:21,669 --> 00:21:19,970
of man manipulator interaction this

464
00:21:23,890 --> 00:21:21,679
information is important to construction

465
00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:23,900
casts on Space Station and other future

466
00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:28,640
projects we have also used the arm

467
00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:30,710
through damage satellites in conjunction

468
00:21:36,940 --> 00:21:32,570
with replying crewmen on the manned

469
00:21:38,799 --> 00:21:36,950
maneuvering unit this Kelly robotic

470
00:21:41,289 --> 00:21:38,809
system can be used in both planned or

471
00:21:43,149 --> 00:21:41,299
contingency operations of experiments

472
00:21:45,310 --> 00:21:43,159
outside of the shuttle much more

473
00:21:50,970 --> 00:21:45,320
effectively if proper considerations are

474
00:21:56,130 --> 00:21:53,130
hi I'm Jerry Ross I'm going to talk to

475
00:21:58,320 --> 00:21:56,140
you about space walks or EDA I have

476
00:21:59,970 --> 00:21:58,330
worked various aspects of ETA almost

477
00:22:03,060 --> 00:21:59,980
ever since the shuttle first flew in

478
00:22:06,330 --> 00:22:03,070
fact I perform tevs myself on this test

479
00:22:11,100 --> 00:22:06,340
51 be in 1985 to investigate space

480
00:22:12,780 --> 00:22:11,110
construction techniques EBA provides

481
00:22:15,060 --> 00:22:12,790
unique capabilities for operating

482
00:22:17,120 --> 00:22:15,070
servicing fixing or assembling

483
00:22:19,770 --> 00:22:17,130
spacecraft and experimental hardware

484
00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:19,780
many uva's have already been conducted

485
00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:21,730
on space shuttle mission utilizing these

486
00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:25,090
capabilities several future satellites

487
00:22:29,010 --> 00:22:26,530
are being designed for on-orbit

488
00:22:30,690 --> 00:22:29,020
maintenance and servicing the space

489
00:22:34,940 --> 00:22:30,700
station will be heavily dependent upon

490
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:37,770
payloads can request DBA to support

491
00:22:42,210 --> 00:22:40,450
their requirement no more than te das

492
00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:42,220
can be planned for a specific space

493
00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:44,740
shuttle mission and each vba will have a

494
00:22:50,039 --> 00:22:48,370
maximum duration at six hour ebas are

495
00:22:52,020 --> 00:22:50,049
not normally planned before flight day

496
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:52,030
for and are not performed on the day

497
00:22:59,430 --> 00:22:55,210
before reentry nor our ETA is normally

498
00:23:02,130 --> 00:22:59,440
planned consecutively and ETA is at

499
00:23:04,710 --> 00:23:02,140
least a three-person task with 2 eb a

500
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:04,720
crew person and at least one food person

501
00:23:09,810 --> 00:23:06,970
that supports the EDA from inside the

502
00:23:11,630 --> 00:23:09,820
orbiter crew coordination is essential

503
00:23:14,039 --> 00:23:11,640
to avoid entanglement of feathers and

504
00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:14,049
conflicts with orbiter operations such

505
00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:18,250
as RMS community since EPA's do require

506
00:23:23,010 --> 00:23:20,530
a large measure of the crews on orbit as

507
00:23:24,980 --> 00:23:23,020
well as training time they should not be

508
00:23:28,350 --> 00:23:24,990
planned or used in discriminatory

509
00:23:30,650 --> 00:23:28,360
however when edas are contemplated there

510
00:23:32,820 --> 00:23:30,660
are several factors to be considered

511
00:23:34,799 --> 00:23:32,830
hardware that is being designed to

512
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:34,809
incorporate EBA task needs to be

513
00:23:39,990 --> 00:23:37,210
designed such that an ensures safe

514
00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:40,000
operation for the orbiter the uva crew

515
00:23:44,590 --> 00:23:42,290
person and the spacecraft

516
00:23:46,570 --> 00:23:44,600
to meet these requirements NASA safety

517
00:23:48,850 --> 00:23:46,580
and your own safety and quality

518
00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:48,860
assurance organization should be

519
00:23:54,010 --> 00:23:50,690
involved from the earliest stages of the

520
00:23:55,950 --> 00:23:54,020
design process the harbor should also be

521
00:23:57,670 --> 00:23:55,960
designed to be can be a friendly

522
00:23:59,890 --> 00:23:57,680
workstation should be properly

523
00:24:03,070 --> 00:23:59,900
positioned and must provide adequate

524
00:24:05,770 --> 00:24:03,080
restraints designs that minimize loose

525
00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:05,780
parts utilize standard interfaces and

526
00:24:10,660 --> 00:24:08,330
tools provide adequate marking and

527
00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:10,670
indication and that utilize large

528
00:24:15,730 --> 00:24:12,530
muscles which will help maximize

529
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:15,740
productivity of the BBA and help ensure

530
00:24:22,420 --> 00:24:20,510
a successful operation insertive

531
00:24:24,580 --> 00:24:22,430
timelines are used when planning the

532
00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:24,590
yeas and whenever possible the

533
00:24:30,190 --> 00:24:27,410
unexpected is anticipated and Becca

534
00:24:31,930 --> 00:24:30,200
procedures are developed backup

535
00:24:34,360 --> 00:24:31,940
procedures have been used on several

536
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:34,370
previous settle the age when some of the

537
00:24:38,950 --> 00:24:36,610
hardware didn't pumpkin have planned

538
00:24:41,770 --> 00:24:38,960
most of these problems could have been

539
00:24:43,690 --> 00:24:41,780
avoided had the as flown configuration

540
00:24:46,890 --> 00:24:43,700
of the spacecraft than adequately

541
00:24:51,090 --> 00:24:49,320
ETA is a very unique undertaking that

542
00:24:54,030 --> 00:24:51,100
has special considerations and

543
00:24:57,420 --> 00:24:54,040
limitation the best and most effective

544
00:24:59,430 --> 00:24:57,430
way to design for ETA is to establish an

545
00:25:01,590 --> 00:24:59,440
early working relationship with the

546
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:01,600
Johnson Space Center and the astronaut

547
00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:07,510
offices science report through some of

548
00:25:12,690 --> 00:25:09,850
the most operationally demanded types of

549
00:25:14,850 --> 00:25:12,700
research in doing space involved in use

550
00:25:17,340 --> 00:25:14,860
of the orbiter itself as part of the

551
00:25:19,740 --> 00:25:17,350
experimental apparatus the orbiter

552
00:25:22,620 --> 00:25:19,750
becomes more than a payload carrier it

553
00:25:24,870 --> 00:25:22,630
becomes an easier hello my name is

554
00:25:27,330 --> 00:25:24,880
Franklin chang-diaz and I flew on

555
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:27,340
mission 61c onboard the space shuttle

556
00:25:31,950 --> 00:25:30,010
for me my background is in plastic

557
00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:31,960
physics and mechanical engineering and

558
00:25:36,930 --> 00:25:34,480
I'd like to talk to you a bit about some

559
00:25:39,170 --> 00:25:36,940
of the lessons we have learned and using

560
00:25:41,730 --> 00:25:39,180
the orbiter as an experimental platform

561
00:25:43,890 --> 00:25:41,740
there are three significant lessons

562
00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:43,900
which must be considered by pelo

563
00:25:49,650 --> 00:25:46,150
designers in preparing experiments to be

564
00:25:51,410 --> 00:25:49,660
conducted outside the orbiter first we

565
00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:51,420
must understand the outside environment

566
00:25:56,970 --> 00:25:54,730
this is important as it will affect many

567
00:25:58,950 --> 00:25:56,980
other free flying experiments and

568
00:26:03,000 --> 00:25:58,960
disciplines ranging from microgravity

569
00:26:05,190 --> 00:26:03,010
research remote sensing a partial

570
00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:05,200
characterization of the near environment

571
00:26:10,110 --> 00:26:08,260
was accomplished on Spacelab to during

572
00:26:14,210 --> 00:26:10,120
the activities with the university of

573
00:26:17,430 --> 00:26:14,220
iowa's plasma diagnostics package a PDP

574
00:26:19,050 --> 00:26:17,440
the PDP is a probe to study the

575
00:26:22,290 --> 00:26:19,060
properties and dynamics of the

576
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:22,300
ionospheric classroom using PDP

577
00:26:27,450 --> 00:26:24,610
scientists can study the effects large

578
00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:27,460
orbital vehicles like the show have on

579
00:26:32,820 --> 00:26:30,490
there near environment the PDP can be

580
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:32,830
flown attached to the mechanical arm to

581
00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:35,110
sample the near environment or as an

582
00:26:39,380 --> 00:26:37,930
inertial and stabilized require to study

583
00:26:43,990 --> 00:26:39,390
wake effects and electromagnetic

584
00:26:48,550 --> 00:26:46,600
the second lesson you have learned is

585
00:26:51,310 --> 00:26:48,560
the importance of school involvement in

586
00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:51,320
experiment definition planning and of

587
00:26:58,420 --> 00:26:55,850
course execution the crew must

588
00:27:00,580 --> 00:26:58,430
understand not just assigned by the

589
00:27:02,970 --> 00:27:00,590
capabilities and limitations of the

590
00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:02,980
vehicle which makes it possible for

591
00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:06,320
example in the case of PDP the orbiter

592
00:27:11,670 --> 00:27:08,450
is used to generate known disturbances

593
00:27:14,530 --> 00:27:11,680
at precise points in space and time

594
00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:14,540
precise alignment of the orbiter PDP

595
00:27:20,050 --> 00:27:17,330
combination prior to release was crucial

596
00:27:22,180 --> 00:27:20,060
and was a conflict by the crew through

597
00:27:26,350 --> 00:27:22,190
controlled inputs to the orbiter and the

598
00:27:28,420 --> 00:27:26,360
RMS to carry out the experiment the crew

599
00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:28,430
performed an intricate set of maneuvers

600
00:27:34,270 --> 00:27:31,910
around the bdp shown in the diagram this

601
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:34,280
operation produced a map of the plasma

602
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:37,490
weight structure because the orbiter

603
00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:39,410
required a large number of maneuvers to

604
00:27:44,050 --> 00:27:42,050
accomplish the science objectives the

605
00:27:46,420 --> 00:27:44,060
crew devoted a great deal of time

606
00:27:49,630 --> 00:27:46,430
planning and fine-tuning these maneuvers

607
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:49,640
to such an extent that without their

608
00:27:55,420 --> 00:27:52,310
participation parts of the experiments

609
00:27:57,790 --> 00:27:55,430
would have been impossible for example

610
00:27:59,830 --> 00:27:57,800
in two of the orbital path leads the

611
00:28:02,080 --> 00:27:59,840
orbiter was taken slightly out of the

612
00:28:04,870 --> 00:28:02,090
orbital plane the intersect and connect

613
00:28:07,110 --> 00:28:04,880
with your magnetic field line passing

614
00:28:10,510 --> 00:28:07,120
through the PDP at a precise instant

615
00:28:12,820 --> 00:28:10,520
these operations required critical than

616
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:12,830
burns and precise adequate maneuvers

617
00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:15,110
using the orbiters reaction control

618
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:20,200
the third lesson we have learned is that

619
00:28:25,269 --> 00:28:22,490
the unique capabilities of the orbiter

620
00:28:27,909 --> 00:28:25,279
RMS combination to deploy and retrieve

621
00:28:30,759 --> 00:28:27,919
scientific payloads give us access to a

622
00:28:34,810 --> 00:28:30,769
much more quiet and pure environment

623
00:28:37,149 --> 00:28:34,820
than the orbiter itself is provide these

624
00:28:42,220 --> 00:28:37,159
capabilities should be utilize in future

625
00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:42,230
experiment planet in now mature flying

626
00:28:46,930 --> 00:28:44,450
technique which we call proximity

627
00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:46,940
operations can be used in the skypes of

628
00:28:52,629 --> 00:28:49,940
investigations it is being demonstrated

629
00:28:56,500 --> 00:28:52,639
here during the recaptured maneuvers or

630
00:28:59,019 --> 00:28:56,510
Disqus 01 sub satellite the crew uses

631
00:29:01,180 --> 00:28:59,029
visual cues of the orbiters overhead

632
00:29:03,669 --> 00:29:01,190
window during the deployment and

633
00:29:06,100 --> 00:29:03,679
subsequent recapture of the payload it

634
00:29:11,409 --> 00:29:06,110
requires a coordinated action of several

635
00:29:13,299 --> 00:29:11,419
two members at once the value of human

636
00:29:15,940 --> 00:29:13,309
beings as observers cannot be

637
00:29:19,779 --> 00:29:15,950
overemphasized and time available can be

638
00:29:20,799 --> 00:29:19,789
used productively for example being at

639
00:29:23,620 --> 00:29:20,809
the right place at the right time

640
00:29:25,419 --> 00:29:23,630
produced this spectacular low light

641
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:25,429
level motion pictures of the Aurora

642
00:29:31,180 --> 00:29:28,610
Australis your imperious of high solar

643
00:29:33,009 --> 00:29:31,190
activity astronauts acting as onboard

644
00:29:35,230 --> 00:29:33,019
scientists could use handheld

645
00:29:38,110 --> 00:29:35,240
instruments like spectrometers and

646
00:29:40,149 --> 00:29:38,120
humans intensifiers to make a more

647
00:29:44,980 --> 00:29:40,159
complete recording of this interesting

648
00:29:47,379 --> 00:29:44,990
plasma phenomena these comments also

649
00:29:49,690 --> 00:29:47,389
apply to another plasma process with

650
00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:49,700
which we are infinitely familiar mainly

651
00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:53,840
reentry for example handheld photography

652
00:29:58,539 --> 00:29:56,090
reveal the interesting weight structures

653
00:30:01,360 --> 00:29:58,549
which develop downstream as the orbiter

654
00:30:03,250 --> 00:30:01,370
descent as the orbiter decelerates

655
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:03,260
through the atmosphere this pattern

656
00:30:08,649 --> 00:30:05,690
sking and exhibit clones to the links

657
00:30:11,019 --> 00:30:08,659
for those wanting to study this

658
00:30:13,210 --> 00:30:11,029
phenomenon it is possible with early

659
00:30:15,250 --> 00:30:13,220
crew involvement to plan simple

660
00:30:17,340 --> 00:30:15,260
experiments with grew operated

661
00:30:19,930 --> 00:30:17,350
instruments from inside the cabin the

662
00:30:22,149 --> 00:30:19,940
knowledge gained from these observations

663
00:30:24,330 --> 00:30:22,159
will help us understand the allowable

664
00:30:27,340 --> 00:30:24,340
maneuver envelope of the shuttle

665
00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:27,350
in addition it will enable us to design

666
00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:29,750
better lightweight re-entry vehicles and

667
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:32,030
develop aerobraking techniques for

668
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:34,010
future orbit transfers vehicles and

669
00:30:42,730 --> 00:30:40,090
the greatest advantage of human space

670
00:30:44,830 --> 00:30:42,740
exploration is attuned to the unique

671
00:30:47,980 --> 00:30:44,840
perspective astronauts can bring to the

672
00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:47,990
operation in early involvement in the

673
00:30:53,140 --> 00:30:50,570
science objectives their ability to

674
00:30:55,860 --> 00:30:53,150
react to a known phenomena to

675
00:30:59,740 --> 00:30:55,870
reconfigure experiments in real time and

676
00:31:02,919 --> 00:30:59,750
repair those systems for sale this

677
00:31:05,169 --> 00:31:02,929
approach using the orbiters test bed and

678
00:31:08,140 --> 00:31:05,179
the goo is a critical interacting

679
00:31:11,350 --> 00:31:08,150
element greatly enhances designed to get

680
00:31:14,140 --> 00:31:11,360
return for each mission flown these

681
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:14,150
again lessons learned we are now

682
00:31:19,090 --> 00:31:16,010
attempting to communicate them the

683
00:31:22,270 --> 00:31:19,100
scientists halo designers working in

684
00:31:25,419 --> 00:31:22,280
their laboratories to ensure that future

685
00:31:28,299 --> 00:31:25,429
experiments are designed not a sealed

686
00:31:31,659 --> 00:31:28,309
black boxes but as flexible elements

687
00:31:34,060 --> 00:31:31,669
with human interaction the facilitate

688
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:34,070
gives the astronaut office has created

689
00:31:39,130 --> 00:31:37,010
the science support group these

690
00:31:42,130 --> 00:31:39,140
astronauts will combine their scientific

691
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:42,140
and operational skills to provide an

692
00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:44,690
early interface with space scientists

693
00:31:50,169 --> 00:31:47,780
and principal investigators to optimize

694
00:31:52,990 --> 00:31:50,179
the design of operational scientific

695
00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:53,000
hardware and to ensure its proper